These two sports are very fun and we would like to explain them to you so you would have a better idea of these and you would like to play them too.
ULTIMATE
Ultimate is a team sport usually in the field and is played with a frisbee or flying disc.
ORIGINS
The name Frisbee is accepted by most sources to originate from one William Russell Frisbie of Bridgeport, Connecticut (Johnson, 1975; Malafronte, 1998; Iocovella, 2004; Leonardo and Zagoria, 2004). Following the end of the American Civil War, William Russell Frisbie moved to Bridgeport to manage a new bakery, which he subsequently bought and renamed, the Frisbie Pie Company.
The original bakery was situated close to the college which later became Yale in 1887 (Scotland, 2004). Not surprisingly, perhaps, there are strong links between Yale and the origination of the Frisbee. The popular theory – perhaps it is a myth -- is that Yale students frequently bought Frisbie Pies and after eating them, would toss the empty pie tins around the Yale campus (Johnson, 1975; Malafronte, 1998). As metal pie dishes are not the kindest of missiles to be struck by, this led to throwers shouting the cautionary word “frisbie-e-e-e!” (not unlike golfers shouting the word “Fore!”) to warn both the catcher and bystanders of the approaching disc (Weiss, 2004).
Not surprisingly, in the absence of definitive evidence, modified or alternative stories abound. One particular point of contention is whether the projectile was indeed a pie tin or whether, in fact, it was a cookie tin lid. Support for the cookie argument can be found in ih a study by Johnson (1975), who conducted interviews with former Yale students. An example of one such account is credited to Charles O. Gregory who recalled:
‘I clearly remember the cookies; and I also recall that the cover of the tin box was used by the older kids just the same way that Frisbees are now used... When I went to college...I saw students using these same tin box lids as people now use Frisbees. So I assumed that the name came from these sugar cookies and the boxes in which they were sold…. I never heard of Frisbie’s pies’ (Johnson, 1975,18).
As a semi-professional player and respected writer on Ultimate, Malafronte (1998) considers that cookie tins were more likely to be used for throwing games. “With their flat tops and deeper perpendicular edged rims [they] were much more air worthy – players could perform a variety of throws, with more control than a pie pan (35).” However, deeper research into the debate leads one to the belief that the tossing of pie pans was equally popular and in some cases was likely to be more so, given the fact that pies were considerably cheaper to purchase for the typical student than tins of cookies (Malafronte, 1998).
Johnson (1975) considers that both cases probably have some truth and merit but that additional research conducted, including conversations with the widow of Joseph P. Frisbie (son and heir of the late W.R. Frisbie) and former plant manager Mr. Vaughn, leads to the conclusion that the earlier prototype was most likely to have been the pie tin.
In addition to Yale – and in accordance with the rising heritage industry - other East Coast US colleges also claim to be the birthplace of the ‘Frisbee’ (Weiss, 2004). For instance, at Middlebury College in Vermont, a statue of a dog caught in mid-Frisbee-snatching-flight has been erected to celebrate the claim that a group of Middlebury boys discovered pie-pan tossing while on a road trip to a fraternity convention in Nebraska in 1938 (Weiss, 2004). Such claims are perhaps not surprising when one considers that, according to Malafronte (1998), workers of the Frisbie Pie Company travelled around many of the Ivy League institutions of New England and were apparently renowned for tossing pie tins around during their breaks.
RULES
SKILLSRULES
Pull
To begin play the ultimate players from each team line up on their end zones, and the defense team pulls (throws) the disc to the other team as a "kick-off". Pulls are long throws, and they are thrown in efforts of giving the offensive team poor field position and a chance for the defense to get down the field soon enough to stop advances.
The pull is often started by a member of the defending team raising one arm with the disc to show that they are ready to pull the disc and begin play. The team that pulls to start the game is usually decided in a manner similar to a coin toss. Instead of using a coin often an ultimate frisbee disc is used.
Movement of the Ultimate Disc
The disc may be moved in any direction by completing a pass to a teammate. After catching a pass, a player is required to come to a stop as quickly as possible, and then can only move their non-pivot foot. A common misconception is that a player must setup a pivot foot before they can throw the disc. In fact, the player can throw the disc before stopping within the first couple of steps after they gain possession of the disc. It is this fact that makes the "Greatest" rule possible. A "Greatest" occurs when a player jumps from within bounds to catch a disc that has passed out-of-bounds, this is also known as an "ultimate play". The player must then throw the disc back in-bounds before his feet or any other part of his body touches the ground. The thrower may only catch their own throw if another player touches it in the air.
Upon receiving the disc, a player has ten seconds to pass it. This period is known as the "stall", and each second is counted out (a stall count) by a defender (the marker), who must be standing within three meters of the thrower. A player may keep the disc for longer than ten seconds if no marker is within three meters, or if the marker is not counting the stall; if there is a change of marker, the new marker must restart the stall from zero.
Scoring
A point is scored when a player catches a pass in the end zone his team is attacking. In older versions of the rules, only offensive players could score. However, current UPA and WFDF rules allow a defensive team to score by intercepting a pass in the end zone they are defending. This play is referred to as a Callahan goal or simply a Callahan. It is named after well-known ultimate player Henry Callahan.
After a point is scored, the teams exchange ends. The team who just scored remains in that end zone, and the opposing team takes the opposite end zone. This can be commonly referred to in the phrase: "Losers walk." Play is re-initiated with a pull by the scoring team.
Change of possession
An incomplete pass results in a change of possession. When this happens the defense immediately becomes the offense and gains possession of the disc where it comes to a stop on the field of play, or where it first traveled out of bounds. Play does not stop because of a turnover.
Reasons for turnovers:
- Throw-away — the thrower misses his target and the disc falls to the ground.
- Drop — the receiver is not able to catch the disc.
- Block — a defender deflects the disc in mid flight, causing it to hit the ground.
- Interception — a defender catches a disc thrown by the offense.
- Out of bounds — the disc lands out of bounds, hits an object out of bounds or is caught by a player who lands out of bounds or leaps from outside the playing field.
- Stall — a player on offense does not release the disc before the defender has counted out ten seconds.
Stoppage of play
Play may stop for the following reasons:
Fouls
A foul is the result of contact between players, although incidental contact (not affecting the play) does not constitute a foul. When a foul disrupts possession, the play resumes as if the possession were retained. If the player committing the foul disagrees with (contests) the foul call, the disc is returned to the last thrower.
Violations
A violation occurs when a player violates the rules but does not initiate physical contact. Common violations include traveling with the disc, double teaming, and picking (moving in a manner so as to obstruct the movement of any player on the defensive team).
Time outs and half-time
By Eleventh Edition rules, each team is allowed two time outs per half. The halftime break occurs when one team reaches the half-way marker in the score. Since most games are played to odd numbers, the number for half-time is rounded up. For instance, if the game is to 13, half comes when one team scores 7. A break may also occur if an injury occurs.
Injuries
Play stops whenever a player is injured—this is considered an injury time-out. During the duration, it is customary for players on the field to kneel or sit to ensure that they stay in their original positions. The injured person must then leave the field, and a substitute may come in. If an injured player is substituted for, the opposing team may also substitute a player.
Weather
While Ultimate may be played in a myriad of weather conditions including heavy rain and deep snow, nearby lightning should result in stoppage of play with players seeking shelter. Many times, precipitation will result in a hiatus in order to protect the playing field.
Substitutions
Teams are allowed to substitute players after a point is scored or for injured player after an injury time out. In the case of an injury substitution, the opposing team is allowed to make a substitution for a non-injured player.
Refereeing
Players are responsible for foul and line calls. Players resolve their own disputes. This creates a spirit of honesty and respect on the playing field. It is the duty of the player who committed the foul to speak up and admit his infraction. Occasionally, official observers are used to aid players in refereeing, known as observers.
There are two throws and catches for a frisbee. The first throw is called a backhand throw.
The second throw is a forehand throw.
There are two basic ways to catch a frisbee. One is called the pancake catch whenever the frisbee is toward you chest area and the one hand and two hand crab catch whenever it is above you or below your chest. More skills will be featured in the video below.
HEALTH BENEFITS
This helps you build up muscle strength and tones. You also get aerobic benefits because you jump to catch the frisbee. You run a lot which makes your heart pump faster(cardio). You perform many wrist actions. Overall, this is a good workout to play.
HANDBALL
SKILLS
Handball and its health benefits
Handball is a massively popular sport across Europe but in the UK it's relatively unknown.
It's a fast paced game with similarities to basketball and netball. It was first played as an Olympic sport in Berlin in 1936.
Some of the top professional players in countries like Denmark, France and Norway pick up six figure salaries.
Handball: Rules of the game
There are seven players on each side. The aim is to pass and bounce the ball up the court and shoot for goal from outside the goal area, much like five-a-side football.
Players can jump over the court so long as they release the ball before they touch the floor, and because defenders are allowed to block the attackers it can be exciting to watch.
It's not uncommon to see 50 goals or more in a single match.
There are men's and women's handball teams.
Legacy sport
There are three organisations promoting the sport in the UK: British handball, England handball and Scottish handball.
They all have details of handball clubs to join if you've been inspired by the Olympics or just want to give it a go.
England handball hopes it'll will become the legacy sport of 2012. As people become more familiar with it they hope more will take it up and understand why it's so popular in other parts of Europe.
Handball health benefits
Handball can be really fast, so it's a great way to get into shape. Apart from the aerobic benefit, it helps to build up muscle tone and strength.
The court is 40metres long and 20 metres wide so players can run several miles during each 60-minute game. All of the jumping, turning and slamming means most muscles are getting a vigorous workout.
Who can play handball?
Handball is not just for Olympians or children.
New clubs are springing up across the country and will welcome players of any age.
Information and details about clubs and how to get involved can be found at British handball, England handball and Scottish handball.
Sources http://www.ultimatefrisbeerules.org/, http://www.thesportjournal.org/article/origins-and-development-ultimate-frisbee,
